An Unexpected Killer
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Inattentional blindness (IB) occurs when observers fail to detect unexpected objects or events. Despite the adaptive importance of detecting unexpected threats, relatively little research has examined how stimulus threat influences IB. The current study was designed to explore the effects of stimulus threat on IB. Past research has also demonstrated that individuals with elevated negative affectivity have an attentional bias towards threat-related stimuli; therefore, the current study also examined whether state and trait levels of negative affectivity predicted IB for threat-related stimuli. One hundred and eleven participants (87 female, aged 17-40 years) completed an IB task that included both threat-related and neutral unexpected stimuli, while their eye movements were tracked. Participants were significantly more likely to detect the threatening stimulus (19%) than the neutral stimulus (11%) p = .035, odds ratio (OR) = 4.0, 95% confidence interval OR [1.13, 14.17]. Neither state nor trait levels of negative affectivity were significantly associated with IB. These results suggest observers are more likely to detect threat-related unexpected objects, consistent with the threat superiority effect observed in other paradigms. However, most observers were blind to both unexpected stimuli, highlighting the profound influence of expectations and task demands on our ability to perceive even potentially urgent and life-threatening information.
Episode description: When a devoted mother about to embark on a new life is murdered in her own home, detectives follow the evidence through a tangled web of relationships to unmask a killer no one could have predicted.
Oxygen, the destination for high-quality crime programming, presents a new compelling series that leaves the audience on the edge of their seats in \"An Unexpected Killer\" beginning Thursday, December 5 at 8pm ET/PT. Each standalone episode takes viewers on a riveting ride that explores a jaw-dropping murder investigation in which detectives discover the killer is someone completely shocking and unexpected.Watch a sneak peek below!The series takes a deep dive into homicide investigations through captivating interviews with potential suspects, in-depth examinations of the crime scene and re-enactments. Viewers follow experienced homicide investigators who believe they are inches away from solving the case, until they come across something unanticipated. Whether it's a new witness, an overlooked piece of evidence or even an innovation in forensic science, in each case detectives find a startling discovery that sends the investigation in a completely new direction in their search for justice.In the premiere episode, \"Modern Family Murder,\" a selfless couple, Robert and Kathryn Swartz, were found brutally murdered on the first snowy morning of January 1984. As investigators arrived at the scene of the crime, they struggled to find the true motive on why this religious couple who were deeply devoted to their family and charitable causes were killed. But as they dug deeper into the case, investigators uncovered dark family secrets ultimately leading them to a suspect no one saw coming.
The new experiments show that killer T cells can attack bacteria that attach to the outside of cells. Prior to this work, immunologists thought that killer T cells only attacked cells that had been invaded by bacteria and other pathogens, said Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator Ralph Isberg, who is at Tufts University.
You have these killer T cells that normally kill infected host cells, but now it looked like these same cells also protected against an extracellular pathogen. Nothing in the immunology literature could explain this.
Source: New York University Medical Center Citation: Blood disease protects against malaria in an unexpected way (2008, March 18) retrieved 29 March 2023 from -03-blood-disease-malaria-unexpected.html This document is subject to copyright. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study or research, no part may be reproduced without the written permission. The content is provided for information purposes only. Explore further
Natural Killer (NK) cells make up an important component of the innate immune system. NK cells protect against tumors and intracellular pathogens through production of cytokines and by direct cytotoxicity. NK cells additionally have inhibitory receptors that recognize self, allowing for self tolerance and the recognition of cells that have downregulated self-MHC to evade other components of the immune system. Signaling pathways leading to NK cell effector function are complex and incompletely understood. To gain a better understanding of how NK cell activation occurs, I investigated the proximal signaling pathways downstream of immunotyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM) bearing activating receptors. I found that the adaptor molecule SH2 domain-containing leukocyte protein of 76 kD (SLP-76) is recruited to microclusters at the plasma membrane in activated NK cells, and this is required for initiation of downstream signaling and multiple NK cell effector functions in vitro and in vivo. Surprisingly, I found that two types of proximal signaling complexes involving SLP-76 were formed. In addition to the canonical membrane complex formed between SLP-76 and linker for activation of T cells (LAT) family members, a novel LAT family-independent SLP-76-dependent signaling pathway was identified. The LAT family-dependent pathway contributed to IFNγ production and cytotoxicity, but was not essential for other SLP-76-dependent events including phosphorylation of AKT and extracellular signal related kinase (ERK) and cellular proliferation. These results demonstrate that NK cells possess an unexpected bifurcation of proximal ITAM-mediated signaling, each leading to potentially distinct downstream biochemical and functional events. In addition to the role of SLP-76 in regulating mature NK cell effector function, I have discovered that signaling pathways reliant upon SLP-76 are also necessary for the normal expression of the Ly49 family of receptors during NK cell development. Ly49 receptors play an integral role in NK cell tolerance and activation. SLP-76 mediates its effects through cell intrinsic and cell extrinsic mechanisms, as well as utilizing both canonical and novel signaling pathways to contribute to Ly49 receptor expression. Future studies will be necessary to uncover the exact signaling pathways and stimuli that lead to Ly49 receptor expression and NK cell tolerance. 59ce067264